[惌嶔壢妛偲惌嶔夁掱榑]
戞1島丂惌嶔妛偺奣擮偲摿惈
1.惌嶔妛偺奣擮
H.D. Lasswell(1952,"policy
orientation")丅
丒 惌嶔妛偼惌嶔夁掱偵懳偡傞抦幆乮Knowledge of policy乯丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
惌嶔夁掱偵昁梫側抦幆乮knowledge in policy乯傪埖偆妛栤偱偁傞丅
慜幰丗夁掱棟榑偲偟偰惌嶔夁掱偵娭偡傞棟榑丄
屻幰丟屄暿惌嶔偺愱栧揑撪梕傪懳徾偲偡傞傕偺丅
丒 惌嶔妛偺尋媶栚揑丟傛傝朷傑偟偄幮夛傪払惉偲幮夛栤戣偺夝寛丅
2.惌嶔妛偺摿惈
丒 栤戣巙岦惈(俹roblem oriented) 丄婯斖揑(俶ormative)丄
丒 張曽揑(俹rescriptive)惈奿丄妛嵺揑(Interdisciplinary)惈奿丅
3.惌嶔妛偺敪揥
1952擭偵Lasswell 偼丄憤崌揑丄偐偮幙揑曽朄偵傛傞惌嶔妛尋媶偺
昁梫惈傪採婲偟偨傕偺偺丄峴懺庡媊乮Behavioralism乯偺棳峴偵傛傝丄
幙揑曽朄榑偵傛傞惌嶔妛尋媶偑偁傑傝拲栚傪廤傔偰偙側偐偭偨丅偟偐偟丄
1960擭戙敿偽埲崀丄昻崲丄幐嬈側偳偺搒巗栤戣偺夝寛傪栚揑偲偟偨
奺庬惌嶔僾儘僌儔儉偑懕乆棫埬偝傟傞丅偲摨帪偵丄峴懺庡媊乮Behavioralism乯
揑曽朄榑偵斀懳偟丄幮夛丄惌嶔偺楌巎丒幮夛揑柆棈乮Contextulity乯丄
朄榑揑懡條惈乮Diversity丄幙揑曽朄乯丄
栤戣巙岦惈(俹roblem oriented)傪廳帇偲偟偨惌嶔妛尋媶偑杮奿壔偝傟偨丅
摙榑 嘆乽傛傝朷傑偟偄幮夛乿拞丄朷傑偟偄偲偼丄偳偆偄偆傕偺側偺偐丅
嘇幮夛偲惌嶔丄屄恖偲幮夛偭偰偳偆偄偆娭學側偺偐丅椺偊丄柍恖搰偱偺惗妶偼幮夛側偺偐丄
偦偆偱偁傟偽偦偺棟桼偼側偵偐丅偙偺摎偊偐傜婱曽屄恖偺惗妶偲幮夛偲偺娭學偼
偳偆偄惈奿傪帩偭偰偄傞偺偐丅
嘊幙揑曽朄榑偲検揑曽朄榑偵偮偄偰挷傋偰傒傛偆丅
嘋峴懺庡媊乮Behavioralism乯丒屻婜峴懺庡媊乮Post-Behavioralism乯偵偮偄偰挷傋偨忋丄
婱曽帺恎偺崅峑3擭傪婰弎偟偰傒側偝偄丅
戞2島丂惌嶔偲惌嶔椶宆
侾惌嶔偺奣擮
1)奣擮丂
A projected program if goals ,value and丂practices
(Harold
D. Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan, eds.(1952),
Power and Society,
Routledge & KeganPaul Ltd.p.71.)
栚揑偲庤抜偺場壥娭學
惌嶔偑幚巤偝傟傞曽恓傪帵偟偨傕偺乮惌晎偺棫応丄曽恓Policy乯丄Program丄Project丄
旕掕宆揑寛掕偺惌嶔乮旕擔忢揑丒旕峔憿壔偝傟偨傕偺乯側偳偺惌嶔摍偑峫偊傜傟傞丅丂丂
2)惈奿丗 栤戣夝寛巙岦揑丄栚昗巙岦揑丄壙抣攝暘揑丄曄壔巙岦揑惈奿傪傕偭偰偄傞丅
丂場壥惈丄嫮惂惈丄暋嶨惈丄拪徾惈
2丂惌嶔偺懳徾
岞巹丄
屄恖丄丂丂丂巗応亖幮夛丄丂丂惌晎乮崙壠乯亖惌嶔
偙偺俁幰偺乮嬞挘乯娭學偵傛偭偰丂岞巹丄惌嶔偵側傞拞恎偼曄傢傞丅
嘆偳偆偄偆傕偺偑丄偳傫側幮夛栤戣偑惌嶔偵側傞偺偐丄
乚乗乗屄乆恖丄偁傞偄偼巗応乮幮夛乯偑夝寛偱偒側偄栤戣偼丄惌晎偑夝寛偡傋偒偱偁傞丅
丂丂丂屄乆恖丄偁傞偄偼巗応乮幮夛乯偑夝寛偱偒側偄栤戣
亖仜仜偺仜仜偱偁傞丄丄偲偄偆峫偊曽丅
嘇岞揑側栤戣偼丄仜仜偺仜仜偱偁傞丅偲偄偆峫偊曽傕偁傞丅
岞巹丄傪偄偐偵暘偗傞偙偲偑壜擻側偺偐丄
堦恖偺恎懱傪傕偮屄恖丄偺峴堊拞偱丄偳傟偑岞揑丄巹揑側傕偺偵側傞偺偐丄
椺丟揷拞偝傫亅偍曣偝傫丄愭惗丄徚旓幰丄棙梡幰丄廧柉丒丒丒丄
妋偐偵丄岞巹偼丄屄恖偲偄偆惗暔揑扨埵丄悢乮扨丒暋乯傪婎弨偲偼偟側偄偙偲偼丄
幮夛偺婎杮扨埵偱偁傞屄恖丄傪拞怱偲偟偰丄
屄恖偺峴堊偲丄偦偺寢壥傪婎弨偲偡傞丅
A屄恖偺峴堊丄偺寢壥偑屄恖偺傒偵尷掕偝傟傞丅
B屄恖偺峴堊丄偺寢壥偑屄恖傪挻偊傞傕偺丅
C
D偺椺傪偁偘偰傒傛偆丅
3惌嶔偺昁梫惈亖側偤惌嶔乮惌晎乯偺夘擖偑昁梫偵側傞偺偐丅
嘆 惌嶔偼側偤昁梫偵側傞偺偐丅
巗応偺幐攕
巗応亖姰慡忣曬丄崌棟揑恖娫乮惌晎偺夘擖側偔偰傕偆傑偔婡擻乯
巗応偺幐攕丄忣曬偺晄姰慡惈丅旕崌棟揑恖娫丄壙抣偺懡條壔丄
幐攕偺椺丟僇儖僥儖宍惉丄昻晉嵎偺奼戝丅
嘇岞嫟嵿乮旕攔彍惈丄旕嫞崌惈乯
戝泏偵峴偔偨傔丄嘆僶僗偵忔傞丄嘇曕偄偰拝偔丅
僶僗椏嬥丂丂丂
摴楬丒岎捠怣崋偺惍旛丒宨娤偺偄偄挰暲傒丅
岺応偺惗嶻丄僐僗僩丄戝婥墭愼丄墭悈丄
嘊惗嶻偺幮夛壔丄徚旓偺幮夛壔丄
幮夛揑僐僗僩偺憹戝丄
搒巗壔偲夁慳壔
嬻娫棙梡偺晄嬒峵乮崙搚棙梡偺晄嬒峵乯
壢妛媄弍偺敪揥
乮堚揱巕慻傒姺偊丄尨巕椡敪揹丄捠怣忣曬敪払偲屄恖忣曬怤奞栤戣乯
嘋僯乕僘偺懡條壔丄幮夛偺僱僢僩儚乕僋壔丄乮椺丄忣曬曐岇丒丒摍乯
愄丟擾懞幮夛丄偍暷丄愻戵丄嫵堢丄堢帣丄
摙榑丗惌嶔偺奣擮採婲傪峫偊側偑傜丄惌嶔堦椺偲偟偰
愳曈愳僟儉惍旛帠嬈乮=惌嶔乯偵偮偄偰峫偊偰傒傑偟傚偆丅
嘆
惌嶔栚揑丄
嘇
惌嶔庤抜
嘊
惌嶔偵偐偐傢偭偰偄傞嶲壛幰亖惌嶔偺棙奞娭學幰
嘋
巀惉幰丄斀懳幰偦傟偧傟偺憟揰
嘍
惌嶔偵娭傢偭偰偄傞岞幃婡娭乮拞墰徣挕丄帺帯懱乯
嘐
惌嶔帒尮
嘑 傒側偝傫偑摨帠嬈傪寛傔傜傟傞乮亖惌嶔寛掕幰乯恖偲偟偨傜丄摨帠嬈傪偳偆寛傔傞偐丄
摨帠嬈傪悇恑偟偰偄偔偺偐丄敀巻偵偡傞偺偐乮惌嶔曄峏丒惌嶔廔寢乯傪峫偊丄
偦偺棟桼傪嫇偘偰傒傛偆丅
係惌嶔暘椶
惌嶔暘椶偵娭偡傞専摙偑昁梫側棟桼丟惌嶔椶宆偵傛偭偰嶲壛幰丄惌嶔夁掱偑堎側傞丅
1)婡擻暿暘椶:慻怐偺婡擻暿暘椶乮椺丗崙搚岎捠丄嫵堢丄埨曐丄娐嫬丄岤惗暉巸摍乯丅
2) Lowi丗屄乆恖偵懳偡傞惌嶔偺嫮惂椡掱搙偵傛傞暘椶乮暘攝丄婯惂丄嵞暘攝丄峔惉惌嶔乯
嘆暘攝惌嶔丟:崙柉偵尃棙丒棙塿丒僒乕價僗傪暘攝偡傞惌嶔
(椺丟岞墍丒廧戭丒摴楬偺惍旛丄擾嬈曗彆嬥丄拞妛峑傑偱偺柍彏嫵堢丅
嘇 婯惂惌嶔丗摿掕屄恖丒廤抍偺嵿嶻尃峴帠丄峴摦偺帺桼傪梷惂偟丄
乮晄乯摿掕懡悢偺曐岇栚揑偺惌嶔丂
(椺丗岞奞婯惂丄楯摦婎弨丄晄岞惓庢堷婯惂丄嫸媿昦偺斃擖嬛巭)
嘊嵞暘攝惌嶔丟壙抣暘攝偺挷惍傪栚揑偲偡傞惌嶔
(椺丗昻柉丒忈奞幰丒幐嬈幰丒擭婑傝偺幮夛曐忈惂搙丄強摼惻丄帣摱庤摉摍)
嘋
惉惌嶔丗崙丒帺帯懱偺惂搙峔抸丄慖嫇嬫偺挷惍丄峴惌夵妚摍丅
戞3島丂惌嶔夁掱榑
侾丂惌嶔懱惂
惌嶔偲惌嶔娐嫬丄惌嶔懱宯(Policy System)
搳擖(Input)
乗揮姺(Change)乗嶼弌(Output)乗娨棳(Feedback)
搳擖丟巟帩偲梫媮
揮姺丟惌帯乮惌嶔乯夁掱傪捠偠偰惌嶔偵揮姺偝傟傞夁掱
嶼弌丗惌嶔寢壥乮output,outcome,result,impect,effect乯
俀丂惌嶔夁掱
惌嶔媍戣愝掕乮Policy Agenda setting乯乗惌嶔栤戣偺惓媊乗惌嶔栚昗偺愝掕乗
乗惌嶔戙埬偺扵嶕乗惌嶔暘愅(Analysis)乗惌嶔寛掕乗惌嶔幚巤
(Implementation)乗惌嶔昡壙乮Evaluation乯乗乮惌嶔廔寛乗惌嶔彸宲乯
乗惌嶔妛廗乮Policy
learning乯丅
3丂惌嶔媍戣愝掕
丂 1)惌嶔媍戣夁掱
丒
屄恖栤戣偐傜幮夛栤戣偵丄
丒 幮夛栤戣偐傜惌嶔媍戣乗惌嶔栤戣乗惌嶔乗惌嶔寛掕丄
嘆
妶摦拞怱:initiation乮採婲乯乗specification乮嬶懱壔乯
乗
expansion乗entrance乮恑擖丄Input乯
嘇
撪梕拞怱:problem乗issue乗press
agenda乗
乗public
agenda 乗government agenda
戞4島丂惌嶔暘愅偲惌嶔寛掕
侾乯奣擮丟惌嶔宍惉(Policy Formulation)丄惌嶔堄巚寛掕夁掱乮Policy Decision Making乯丄
惌嶔寛掕乮Policy Decision乯丄惌嶔愝寁乮Policy Design乯丅
俀乯惌嶔暘愅: 惌嶔戙埬偺岠壥丄塭嬁傪梊應偟丄惌嶔岠壥偲惌嶔旓梡乮惌嶔帒尮乯傪暘愅偟丄
嵟揔偺惌嶔戙埬傪慖戰偡傞夁掱丅
丂丂3)惌嶔寛掕棟榑
嘆 崌棟揑寛掕棟榑
嘇 尃椡揑棟榑
嘊 崿崌棟榑
嘋 懡尦揑棟榑
嶲峫丟Non
decision making
丂丂
戞5島丂惌嶔幚巤
丂
1惌嶔幚巤偲偼丗寛傑偭偨惌嶔傪嬶懱壔偟偰摿掕壔偟偰偄偔夁掱乮帪娫丄嬻娫揑梫慺傪娷傔偰偄傞乯丅丂
奣擮偺惍棟丟幚巤乮Implementation乯丄幏峴乮Execution乯丄丂
巤峴乮Operation丄Take丂Effects乯偑
崿梡偝傟偰偄傞丅屻幰偺幏峴偲巤峴偼丄朄棩偵傛偭偰寛傔傜傟偨傕偺傪
嬶懱壔偡傞妶摦偲偟偰丄慜幰偺幚巤偼偙傟偵壛偊偰嵸検尃傗敾抐傑偱傪
娷傫偩嬶懱壔偡傞妶摦偲偟偰嬫暘偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅
偙偺傛偆偵幚巤偲幏峴偼丄妛栤揑側娭怱傗奣擮偵傛偭偰堎側偭偨傕偺偱偁傞丅
乽惌嶔偺幚巤夁掱乿乿偲偼丄惌帯妛偐傜惌嶔榑傪傒傞応崌偵偁偨傝丄峴惌朄偐傜
偱偼丄惌嶔偺巤峴傗朄幏峴偲尒側偝傟偰偒偨丅
1乯惌嶔幚巤庡懱丗惌晎婡娭偲岞柋堳丄拞娫幏峴幰(intermediaries) 丅
2乯幚巤偵塭嬁傪梌偊傞傕偺
嘆惌嶔扴摉幰偺尃尷丄擻椡丄懺搙乮擣幆丄壙抣娤側偳傕廳梫乯丄嵸検乮壙抣敾抐乯
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂Street Level Bureaucracy(Michael Lipsky
,Street Level Bureaucracy)
丂丂丂丂丂嘇幚巤慻怑偺暥壔傗婯斖
丂丂丂丂丂嘊幚巤慻怑偺峔憿丗奒憌惂丄悈暯揑慻怑
丂 丂丂丂丂丂嘋惌嶔懳徾偺弴墳丄偲幮夛揑巟帩丄惌帯椡丄宱嵪忬嫷偲媄弍椡側偳丅
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂嘍惌嶔懳徾偺弴墳(compliance)偲晄弴墳(non-compliance)
– NIMBY
俀惌嶔幐攕偲惌嶔惉岟
丂丂丂丂丂嘆惌嶔幐攕偺尨場丟惌嶔寛掕幰偲幚巤扴摉幰偺堄尒晄堦抳丄
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂幚巤慻怐偺栤戣丄幚巤扴摉幰偺擣幆晄懌丄
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂惌嶔栚揑偺晄柧妋偝偲帒尮傗幮夛宱嵪揑巟帩偺晄懌
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂惌嶔懳徾幰偺晄弴墳丄惌嶔寛掕傗幚巤慻怐傊偺晄怣姶
嘇惌嶔懳徾幰偺晄弴墳尨場
丒惌嶔撪梕丄惌嶔栚揑偺栤戣乮鎩憗姳戱丄攑婞暔張棟巤愝惍旛帠嬈摍乯丅
丒惌嶔夁掱傊偺嶲壛婡夛偺寚擛偲忣曬晄懌
乮嶲壛曐忈偲忣曬岞奐偺曽朄丄忣曬検偲幙偺栤戣乯丅
丒惌嶔寛掕幚巤慻怐傊偺晄怣姶丅
丒夁廳側宱嵪揑晧扴乮棙梡幰偺晧扴棪偑崅偄乯丅
戞6島丂惌嶔昡壙偲愑擟丒惌嶔妛廗乮Policy
learning乯
惌嶔昡壙偼昡壙偺栚揑偲庤朄偵傛偭偰偦偺椶宆傗昡壙婎弨傕堎側傞丅
偦偺堦偮偑嬈愌應掕宆偺昡壙偱偁傝丄偙傟偼惌嶔偺傾僂僩僾僢僩傗慻怐扨埵
偺僀儞僾僢僩偵懳偡傞岠棪惈傪昡壙婎弨偲偟偰偒偨丅偙傟偼惌帯丒峴惌堦尦榑傪
棟榑揑攚宨偲偟偨傕偺偱丄惌嶔偺幚巤偑扨側傞朄棩偺幏峴偱偁傞偲尒側偟丄
昡壙傕惌嶔偺朄棩揑幏峴傪摑惂偡傞栚揑偲偟偰偄傞丅偙偺昡壙偱偼丄崌朄惈丄
岠棪惈摍傪昡壙婎弨偲偟偰偍傝丄慻怐扨埵偺梊嶼丄朄棩崻嫆傪昡壙偡傞偙偲偼壜擻偱偁傞
傕偺偺丄側偤丄惌嶔栚揑偲庤抜偲偺惍崌惈丄懠惌嶔偲偺惍崌惈丄惌嶔偺寛掕丄幚巤
丄昡壙偲偺儕儞僋傪帩偭偰偄側偄丅傑偨丄嬈愌應掕宆偺昡壙偱偼丄惌嶔懳徾抧堟
傗廧柉乮Policy Target Group乯偺巟帩丄幮夛宱嵪揑塭嬁摍偺挷惍乮Policy Change乯傗惌
嶔幐攕偺妛廗岠壥偵娭偡傞昡壙偑晄壜擻偱偁傞丅偟偨偑偭偰丄昡壙偵偼丄惌嶔峔憿乮栚
揑丄庤抜乯丄惌嶔椶宆丄惌嶔夁掱偲昡壙丄昡壙栚揑偲婎弨側偳偵娭偡傞媍榑傪昁梫偲偡傞丅
嘆惌嶔昡壙偺奣擮丄
嘇惌嶔昡壙偺栚揑偲惌嶔庡懱
嘊惌嶔夁掱偲惌嶔昡壙偺娭學乮惌嶔偺寛掕丄幚巤偛偲偺昡壙偲偺儕儞僋乯
嘋惌嶔夁掱偛偲偵昡壙偺婎弨傕堎側傞丅
嘋)惌嶔昡壙偺婎弨偲庤朄
乮Criteria,
Standard, Indicator丟婎弨偲偼壙抣偲偺栤戣偱傕偁傞丅
昡壙婎弨傪幚嵺偵偄偐偵昡壙僣乕儖偲偡傞偐丄偙偺偨傔偵偼丄
婎弨娫偺娭學丄昡壙婎弨偲壙抣儗儀儖栤戣丄昡壙婎弨偺憖嶌壔偑晄壜寚偱偁傞乯丅